![]() Smyth and Scholey suggested that maintenance in visuospatial immediate memory is based on shifts of spatial attention rather than the operation of implicit motor processes. However, evidence for motor-based and attention-based rehearsals are different tasks and motor based rehearsal has been occurred with task that the positions are recalled via directed motor movements. Awh and Jonides argued that covert shifts of attention play a role in spatial rehearsal, they considered the potential role of implicit motor programs to serve as an engram for spatial memory, a functional overlap in the mechanisms of spatial working memory and spatial selective attention. In other words, active maintenance is necessary for problem solving. Therefore, spatial information should be kept available. For spatial planning, spatial rehearsal should be done. Another component of working memory, visuospatial sketchpad holds visual and spatial information separately. Authors believed that easy beginning (two and three moves apparatus) was likely one reason for little planning in normal condition. During two Lidstone’s experiment in Children (7- to 10- year-old) on three-disk Tower of London task was shown that under articulatory suppression, performance was lower than control condition, just when solvers were forced to plan a head but not in normal condition. Also, it was not detrimental to number of excess moves. With controlling dual task in young adults (18- to 25-year-old), completing five-disk Tower of London task, they suggested that articulatory suppression reduced preplanning times and increased speeds of performance. In their views, preplanning might result in verbally rehearsed plans and inner speech did not show positive role in their experiments. Phillips and colleagues emphasized on concurrent planning of TOL trials. These findings supported this idea that children with autism who have executive dysfunction, maybe have impaired inner speech too. In Wallace and co-worker’s experiment, with a group of typically developing adolescents (12- to 19-year-old), articulatory suppression was resulted in more moves to reach solutions and detrimentally affected TOL performance but in adolescents with autism disorders, articulatory suppression did not significantly diminish performance. If articulatory suppression impairs performance on TOL, inner speech will show it’s affirmative role in executive task. Ward and Allport found the relation between preparation time and performance. Some researchers suggested the importance of full mental preplanning in TOL trials. Saying repeatedly some words or phrase or articulatory suppression overloads phonological loop and prevents from mental rehearsing. A solver can compare the goal state with the start and a solution can resemble these two states. The executive Tower of London (TOL) task is used for evaluating of planning in order to establish whether visuospatial sketchpad or phonological loop could be evidenced with functioning of rehearsal and storage. According to Vygotsky, inner speech has a specific role in planning and facilitates problem solving. Spatial working memory has two subcomponents a spatial rehearsal and visual cache, and verbal memory is fractionated to verbal rehearsal and phonological store. In the model of working memory proposed by Baddeley and his colleagues, the central executive coordinates two storage systems, visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop. We are required to handle information in our working memory for thinking and solving problems. ![]() Then inner speech and inner scribe roles have been described in Tower of London task applying “Baddeley and Logie” working memory model. From this comparison, got evidences based on inner speech role in more complicated Tower of London tasks, although in general, the results suggest a more outstanding role of inner scribe in spatial planning in this executive task. Also, this executive task was conducted without verbal secondary task and the results of these two states were compared with each other. In this study the mechanical version of the three-disk Tower of London task with changes in the movements was conducted by fifteen elderly participants with concurrent articulatory suppression. Keywords: Inner Speech Tower of London Task Phonological Loop Visuospatial Sketchpad Articulatory Suppression 1Department of Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranĢFerdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranģPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranĮmail: 23 August 2011 revised 24 October 2011 accepted 7 November 2011
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